Author: Steven Levithan

1. N00b
   • Thinks "regular expressions" is open mic night at a poetry bar.
   • Uses \w, \d, \s, and other shorthand classes purely by accident if at all.
   • Painfully misuses * and especially .*.
   • Puts words in character classes.
   • Uses | in character classes for alternation.
   • Hasn't heard of the exec method.
   • Copies and pastes poorly written regexes from the web.
2. Trained n00b
   • Uses regexes where methods like slice or indexOf would do.
   • Uses g, i, and m modifiers needlessly.
   • Uses [^\w] instead of \W.
   • Doesn't know why using [\w\d_] gives away their n00bness.
   • Tries to remove HTML tags with replace(/<.*?>/g,"").
   • Escapes all punctuation\!
3. User
   • Knows when to use regexes, and when to use string methods.
   • Toys with lookahead.
   • Uses regexes in conditionals.
   • Starts to understand why HTML tags are hard to match with regexes.
   • Knows to use (?:…) when a backreference or capture isn't needed.
   • Can read a relatively simple regex and explain its function.
   • Knows their way around the use of replace callback functions.
4. Haxz0r
   • Uses lookahead with impunity.
   • Sighs at the unavailability of lookbehind and other features from more powerful regex libraries.
   • Knows what $`, $', and $& mean in a replacement string.
   • Knows the difference between string literal and regex metacharacters, and how this impacts the RegExp constructor.
   • Generally knows whether a greedy or lazy quantifier is more appropriate, even when it doesn't change what the regex matches.
   • Has a basic sense of how to avoid regex efficiency problems.
   • Knows how to iterate over strings using the exec method and a while loop.
   • Knows that properties of the global RegExp object and the compile method are deprecated.
5. Guru
   • Understands the significance of manually modifying a regex object's lastIndex property and when this can be useful within a loop.
   • Can explain how any given regex will or won't work.
   • No longer experiences the excitement of writing complex regexes that work on the first try, since regex behavior has become predictable and obvious.
   • Is immune to catastrophic backtracking, and can easily (and accurately) determine if a nested quantifier is safe.
   • Knows of numerous cross-browser regex syntax and behavior differences.
   • Knows offhand the section number of ECMA-262 3rd Edition that covers regexes.
   • Understands the difference between capturing group nonparticipation vs participating but capturing an empty string, and the behavior differences this can lead to.
   • Has a preference for particular backreference rules related to capturing group participation and quantified alternation, or is at least aware of the implementation inconsistencies.
   • Often knows which browser will run a given regex fastest before testing, based on known internal optimizations and weaknesses.
   • Thinks that writing recursive regexes is easy, so long as there is an upper bound to recursion depth.
6. Wizard
   • Works on a regex engine.
   • Has patched the engine from time to time.
7. God
   • Can add features to the engine at a whim.
   • Also created all life on earth using a constructor function.

(Heavily adapted and JavaScriptized from 7 Stages of a [Perl] Regex User.)

Unlike lookaheads, JavaScript doesn't support regex lookbehind syntax. That's unfortunate, but I'm not content with just resigning to that fact. Following are three ways I've come up with to mimic lookbehinds in JavaScript.

For those not familar with the concept of lookbehinds, they are zero-width assertions which, like the more specific \b, ^, and $ metacharacters, don't actually consume anything — they just match a position within text. This can be a very powerful concept. Read this first if you need more details.

Mimicking lookbehind with the replace method and optional capturing groups

This first approach is not much like a real lookbehind, but it might be "good enough" in some simple cases. Here are a few examples:

// Mimic leading, positive lookbehind like replace(/(?<=es)t/g, 'x')
var output = 'testt'.replace(/(es)?t/g, function($0, $1){
	return $1 ? $1 + 'x' : $0;
});
// output: tesxt

// Mimic leading, negative lookbehind like replace(/(?<!es)t/g, 'x')
var output = 'testt'.replace(/(es)?t/g, function($0, $1){
	return $1 ? $0 : 'x';
});
// output: xestx

// Mimic inner, positive lookbehind like replace(/\w(?<=s)t/g, 'x')
var output = 'testt'.replace(/(?:(s)|\w)t/g, function($0, $1){
	return $1 ? 'x' : $0;
});
// output: text

Unfortunately, there are many cases where lookbehinds can't be mimicked using this construct. Here's one example:

// Trying to mimic positive lookbehind, but this doesn't work
var output = 'ttttt'.replace(/(t)?t/g, function($0, $1){
	return $1 ? $1 + 'x' : $0;
});
// output: txtxt
// desired output: txxxx

The problem is that the regexes are relying on actually consuming the characters which should be within zero-width lookbehind assertions, then simply putting back the match unviolated (an effective no-op) if the backreferences contain or don't contain a value. Since the actual matching process here doesn't work anything like real lookbehinds, this only works in a limited number of scenarios. Additionally, it only works with the replace method, since other regex-related methods don't offer a mechanism to dynamically "undo" matches. However, since you can run arbitrary code in the replacement function, it does offer a limited degree of flexibility.

Mimicking lookbehind through reversal

The next approach uses lookaheads to mimic lookbehinds, and relies on manually reversing the data and writing your regex backwards. You'll also need to write the replacement value backwards if using this with the replace method, flip the match index if using this with the search method, etc. If that sounds a bit confusing, it is. I'll show an example in a second, but first we need a way to reverse our test string, since JavaScript doesn't provide this capability natively.

String.prototype.reverse = function () {
	return this.split('').reverse().join('');
};

Now let's try to pull this off:

// Mimicking lookbehind like (?<=es)t
var output = 'testt'.reverse().replace(/t(?=se)/g, 'x').reverse();
// output: tesxt

That actually works quite nicely, and allows mimicking both positive and negative lookbehind. However, writing a more complex regex with all nodes reversed can get a bit confusing, and since lookahead is used to mimic lookbehind, you can't mix what you intend as real lookaheads in the same pattern.

Note that reversing a string and applying regexes with reversed nodes can actually open up entirely new ways to approach a pattern, and in a few cases might make your code faster, even with the overhead of reversing the data. I'll have to save the efficiency discussion for another day, but before moving on to the third lookbehind-mimicking approach, here's one example of a new pattern approach made possible through reversal.

In my last post, I used the following code to add commas every three digits from the right for all numbers which are not preceded by a dot, letter, or underscore:

String.prototype.commafy = function () {
	return this.replace(/(^|[^\w.])(\d{4,})/g, function($0, $1, $2) {
		return $1 + $2.replace(/\d(?=(?:\d\d\d)+(?!\d))/g, '$&,');
	});
}

Here's an alternative implementation:

String.prototype.commafy = function() {
	return this.
		reverse().
		replace(/\d\d\d(?=\d)(?!\d*[a-z._])/gi, '$&,').
		reverse();
};

I'll leave the analysis for your free time.

Finally, we come to the third lookbehind-mimicking approach:

Mimicking lookbehind using a while loop and regexp.lastIndex

This last approach has the following advantages:

• It's easier to use (no need to reverse your data and regex nodes).
• It allows lookahead and lookbehind to be used together.
• It allows you to more easily automate the mimicking process.

However, the trade off is that, in order to avoid interfering with standard regex backtracking, this approach only allows you to use lookbehinds (positive or negative) at the very start and/or end of your regexes. Fortunately, it's quite common to want to use a lookbehind at the start of a regex.

If you're not already familiar with the exec method available for RegExp objects, make sure to read about it at the Mozilla Developer Center before continuing. In particular, look at the examples which use exec within a while loop.

Here's a quick implementation of this approach, in which we'll actually toy with the regex engine's bump-along mechanism to get it to work as we want:

var data = 'ttttt',
	regex = /t/g,
	replacement = 'x',
	match,
	lastLastIndex = 0,
	output = '';

regex.x = {
	gRegex: /t/g,
	startLb: {
		regex: /t$/,
		type: true
	}
};

function lookbehind (data, regex, match) {
	return (
		(regex.x.startLb ? (regex.x.startLb.regex.test(data.substring(0, match.index)) === regex.x.startLb.type) : true) &&
		(regex.x.endLb ? (regex.x.endLb.regex.test(data.substring(0, regex.x.gRegex.lastIndex)) === regex.x.endLb.type) : true)
	);
}

while (match = regex.x.gRegex.exec(data)) {
	/* If the match is preceded/not by start lookbehind, and the end of the match is preceded/not by end lookbehind */
	if (lookbehind(data, regex, match)) {
		/* replacement can be a function */
		output += data.substring(lastLastIndex, match.index) + match[0].replace(regex, replacement);
		if(!regex.global){
			lastLastIndex = regex.gRegex.lastIndex;
			break;
		}
	/* If the inner pattern matched, but the leading or trailing lookbehind failed */
	} else {
		output += match[0].charAt(0);
		/* Set the regex to try again one character after the failed position, rather than at the end of the last match */
		regex.x.gRegex.lastIndex = match.index + 1;
	}
	lastLastIndex = regex.x.gRegex.lastIndex;
}
output += data.substring(lastLastIndex);

// output: txxxx

That's a fair bit of code, but it's quite powerful. It accounts for using both a leading and trailing lookbehind, and allows using a function for the replacement value. Also, this could relatively easily be made into a function which accepts a string for the regex using normal lookbehind syntax (e.g., "(?<=x)x(?<!x)"), then splits it into the various parts in needs before applying it.

Notes:

• regex.x.gRegex should be an exact copy of regex, with the difference that it must use the g flag whether or not regex does (in order for the exec method to interact with the while loop as we need it to).
• regex.x.startLb.type and regex.x.endLb.type use true for "positive," and false for "negative."
• regex.x.startLb.regex and regex.x.endLb.regex are the patterns you want to use for the lookbehinds, but they must contain a trailing $. The dollar sign in this case does not mean end of the data, but rather end of the data segment they will be tested against.

If you're wondering why there hasn't been any discussion of fixed- vs. variable-length lookbehinds, that's because none of these approaches have any such limitations. They support full, variable-length lookbehind, which no regex engines I know of other than .NET and JGsoft (used by products like RegexBuddy) are capable of.

In conclusion, if you take advantage of all of the above approaches, regex lookbehind syntax can be mimicked in JavaScript in the vast majority of cases. Make sure to take advantage of the comment button if you have feedback about any of this stuff.